Jumat, 15 Juni 2012
Opinions about the English Language
Jumat, 13 April 2012
SUMMARY CHART OF MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS
AUXILIARY :
- may
uses :
a. Formal permission =
b. Less than 50% certainty = Shares of the following companies may have unusual moves in Indonesian trading.
- might
uses :
a. Less than 50% certainty = a positive economic theory might describe how money supply growth affects inflation.
b. Polite request =
- should
uses :
a. advisability = Managers should control employee turnover for the benefit of the organisation success.
b. 90% Certainty = All these approaches should be avoided if managers want to minimize employee turnover an increase organisational competitiveness in this environment of globalization.
- ought to
uses :
a. advisability = it ought to be changed for a money tax, and the repair of the roads let out by contract with security, in divisions of from one mile to five.
b. 90% Certainty = We ought to fix the economy by bailing out the financial industry.
- had better
uses :
· Advisability with threat of bad result = Korean women and men, for example, differed from Americans and Dutch in reporting more distress over rivals who had better financial prospects, better job prospects, and higher status and prestige.
- be supposed to
uses :
· expectation = Since the size of total spending in an economy can be supposed to be constrained by the quantity of resources,
- be to
uses :
· Strong expectation = There seems to be no mutual benefit in trade between the economies,
- must
uses :
a. Strong necessary = Therefore, managers must recognize that employees as major contributors to the efficient achievement of the organization’s success Abbasi et al. (2000).
b. 95% Certainty = they must be the possessors of the product which they wish to exchange
- have to
uses :
a. Necessity = The economy will have to rev up more substantially for the unemployment rate to keep falling.
b. Lack of Necessity (negative) = The truth is, you don't have to be financial genius to make sense of them, or any kind of genius at all.
- have got to
uses :
Necessity = we have got to drive innovation in the economy to improve competitiveness,
- will
uses :
a. 100% Certainty = Changes in interest rates will cause interest-bearing liabilities (deposits) to reprice at a rate higher than that of the interest-bearing assets (loans)
b. Polite request = Will Second-Best Solutions Lead To A Second-Rate World?
- be going to
uses :
a. 100% Certainty = he is going to ensure that he undermines the jobs of manufacturing workers in that industry
b. Definite plan = The epicenter of the next great financial crisis is going to be in Europe,
- can
uses :
a. Ability / Possibility = It can be contrasted with absolute advantage which refers to the ability of a party to produce a particular good at a lower absolute cost than another.
b. Informal polite request = Can Consumers & Taxpayers Be Saved From The Bonus-Crazed Financial Sector?
- could
uses :
a. Less than 50% certainty = the economy development in Indonesia could be run so smoothly that this state was included as one of the miracles of Asia economy.
b. Impossibility (negative only) = Because the economy crisis couldn’t be controlled successfully,
- be able to
uses :
· Ability = It'll mean that many small and medium-size enterprises will be able to participate in markets that they currently don't.
- would
uses :
a. Preference = a new treaty would be introduced internationally, agreed by every nation, to reduce emissions.
b. Repeated action in the past = the goal of monetary policy would be to achieve an explicit, numerical target or range for some measure of price inflation.
- used to
uses :
· Repeated action in the past = That’s why, the government used to say that the fundamental of macro-economics was strong enough.
- shall
uses :
a. Polite question to make a suggestion = How shall the world be served?
b. Future with “I” or “we” as subject = In the sequel we shall note that each of the economic models mentioned in the Introduction violates both the continuity and quasi-concavity requirements.
Jumat, 16 Maret 2012
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
Conditional Sentence (=Kalimat pengandaian) adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi atau mungkin tidak terjadi seperti yang diharapkan. Kalimat pengandaian terdiri atas dua bagian, yaitu man clause (induk kalimat) dan if clause (anak kalimat). Dalam if clause terkandung syarat-syarat yang harus dipenuhi agar keadaan seperti terkandung dalam main clause dapat terwujud. Oleh karena itu, conditional sentences disebut juga kalimat bersyarat. Conditional Sentences atau kalimat pengandaian terdiri dari dua jenis yaitu real conditional (nyata) dan unreal/ contrary to fact (tidak nyata).
Conditional sentences pada umumnya memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:
a. digunakannya kata if dalam anak kalimat (subordinate clause). Karena clause ini diawali oleh if maka disebut if clause.
b. digunakannya modal auxiliary, seperti will, can, may, must, would, could, might, etc. pada pokok kalimat (main clause).
Ada beberapa tipe Conditional Sentence, yaitu:
- Type I: Future Conditional
- Type II: Present Conditional
3. Type III: Past Conditional
1. Type I: Future Conditional
Kalimat ini mengungkapkan kejadian yang diharapkan akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang dan memiliki kemungkinan untuk terjadi. (probable condition)
Pola kalimat:
If + S + Verb (present), S + future tense atau subjek + future tense, if + subjek + future tense |
Contoh:
- If she comes, I will give her the message.
- If you study hard, you will pass the final exam.
- If she wins the competition, they will give her a gold medal.
- He will not go to the picnic, if it rains.
5. If we arrive late, she will be angry with us.
2. Type II: Present Conditional
Kalimat ini menyatakan peristiwa yang diharapkan terjadi sekarang tetapi tidak terjadi. (Improbable condition)
Pola kalimat:
If + S + Verb 2 / were + S + would + Verb1 If + S + V2, Subject + Past Future |
Contoh:
- If she visited me, I would give her money.
2. 2. If I had enough time, I would go fishing.
- If you were a sugar, I would be a ant.
- If Natasha Rizky were my girlfriend, I would be the happiest boy in the world.
- If he smokes less, he wouldn’t cough so much.
Catatan:
Pada tipe ini, to be untuk semua subyek pada IF clause adalah WERE.
3. Type III : Past Conditional
Kalimat ini menyatakan peristiwa yang diharapkan terjadi di waktu lampau, tetapi tidak terjadi. (impossible condition)
Pola kalimat:
If + S + Past Perfect +, S + Past perfect future + Verb 3 Subject + Past perfect future, if + Subjek + Past Perfect + V3 |
Contoh:
- If he had studied hard, he would have passed the final exam.
- If the team had played well, it would have won the competition.
- If Alter Bridge had been here, I would have been very happy.
- If you had come to my house, you would have met me.
- If I had known her number, i would have called her.
Refrence:
Allen, W Standart. “Living English Structure”. Longman, 1974. London
Untoro, Joko, Tim Guru.”Buku Pintar Pelajaran SMA IPA 6 in 1”.PT Wahyu Media,2010.Jakarta